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	<title><![CDATA[Free Trade - Business White Papers, Webcasts and Case Studies | BNET]]></title>
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		<title><![CDATA[The Scoop on the New CCNA and CCNP Specializations]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=1143801&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[There has been a lot of interest among students lately on the details surrounding the CCNA specializations and their relationship with the corresponding CCNP specializations. These specializations were introduced in the summer of 2008. The purpose of this]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2009 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Next-Generation, Low-Latency Front-Office Computing for Capital Markets]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=1141169&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Capital markets have complex, data-intensive front-office environments that change in milliseconds. To survive and differentiate themselves, companies need predictable, high-performance technical solutions. They also must control costs. Until now, satisfy]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2008 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Investment and Competition Policy in Developing Countries: Implications of and for the WTO]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76289&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the impact on developing countries of the prohibition of Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs). The economic impact of implementing the TRIMs Agreement in GATT 1994, and more generally of liberalizing investment measures, is likel]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Mar 2000 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[GATT Experience With Safeguards: Making Economic And Political Sense Of The Possibilities That The GATT Allows To Restrict Imports]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76331&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper examines tariff and non-tariff policies that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Org]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Trade And Development In The GATT And WTO: The Role Of Special And Differential Treatment For Developing Countries]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76333&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The paper analyses how the evolution of thinking regarding the role trade plays in economic development has been reflected in provisions affecting developing countries in the GATT and the WTO. The focus is on the provisions calling for special and differe]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Apr 2000 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Should The Teeth Be Pulled? A Preliminary Assessment Of WTO Sanctions]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76335&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Although often described as one of the most important features of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system, the possibility of authorizing a trade sanction against a scofflaw member government is a mixed blessing. On the one hand, it r]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Sep 2000 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Democracy, Consultation, And The Paneling Of Disputes Under GATT]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76337&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[States have long sought to have their conflicts adjudicated by institutions. Often dismissed as a quasi-judicial system held together by countless loopholes, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement has nonetheless enjoyed marked s]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Aggressive Multilateralism: The Determinants Of GATT/WTO Dispute Initiation, 1948-1998]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76339&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Why do states initiate trade disputes under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Existing studies suggest that democracies should either experience and litigate fewer trade conflicts or at]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2000 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[The WTO Promotes Trade, Strongly But Unevenly]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76511&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper furnishes robust evidence that the GATT/WTO has had a powerful and positive impact on trade. The impact has, however, been uneven. GATT/WTO membership for industrial countries has been associated with a large increase in imports estimated at ab]]></description>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Sep 2003 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Shaping Future GATS Rules For Trade In Services]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76562&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The GATS is justifiably credited with having created a more secure environment for trade in services. However, even though it has put in place a useful framework to deal with explicit protection, it has not generated either the negotiating momentum to red]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[The FSC Case: Background and Implications]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=76628&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper includes the background and implications of Foreign Sales Corporation (FSC). It explains how enacted FSC was enacted and what were the clauses of the first and second round of FSC litigation. At time FSC was enacted it allowed partial tax exemp]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2002 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Battling The Property Pirates]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=114876&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[From the executive summary: ‘In much of the developed world, to be sure, patent protection just about matches that in the U.S. However, some important distinctions remain. Patents in other countries are granted on a first-come, first-served basis for inst]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[International Trade in Services: Implications for the IMF]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133444&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the characteristics of international trade in services and of the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) framework, which was established to regulate it. Further liberalization of services trade in deve]]></description>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Dec 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Market Structure, Trade Liberalization and the GATS]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133445&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper examines the interaction between the different modes of market access commitments in services (cross-border and establishment) market structure, and regulation. The paper focuses on the impact of improved domestic market access for a Foreign Se]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2000 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Enforcement, Private Political Pressure and the GATT/WTO Escape Clause]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133529&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The report considers the design and implementation of international trade agreements when: negotiations are undertaken and commitments made in the presence of uncertainty about future political pressures; governments possess private information about poli]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2004 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Does Sales-Only Apportionment of Corporate Income Violate the GATT?]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133538&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[There has been a pronounced change in the formulas states use to apportion the income of multistate corporations from one that placed equal weight on payroll, profits, and sales to one that places at least half the weight on sales, and eight base apportio]]></description>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2002 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[GATT-Think]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133539&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper describes recent work on the theory of trade agreements that speaks to the purpose and design of GATT. The discussion proceeds in three steps. First, it examines the purpose of a trade agreement. Second, it considers the origin and design of GA]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2000 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Time Inconsistency of Trade Policy and Multilateralism]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133540&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper addresses the issue of multilateralism versus bilateralism in a situation where a home government's optimal policy is time-inconsistent and the time-consistent policy sub-optimal. However, once a discriminatory Preferential Trade Agreement is f]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2003 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Do WTO Members Have More Liberal Trade Policy?]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133541&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper uses 68 measures of trade policy and trade liberalization to ask if membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is associated with more liberal trade policy. Almost no m]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Nov 2002 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[The GATT and Gradualism]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133542&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper shows how the institutional rules imposed on its signatories by the GATT created a strategic incentive for countries to liberalize gradually. Free trade can never be achieved if punishment for deviation from a trade agreement is limited to a 'w]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Welfare Implications of Regionalism in the GATT]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133543&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the welfare implications of an existence of a free trade agreement (FTA) and a customs union (CU) within the GATT. Two types of GATT regimes are considered in a completely symmetric world: a pure GATT regime, and a modified GATT re]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Nov 2001 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Free Trade or Fair Trade? An Enquiry into the Causes of Failure in Recent Trade Negotiations]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133544&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Focusing on frictions between developing countries and industrial economies in the particular area of trade in manufactured goods, the purpose of this paper is to argue that the failure of the negotiations is related to a number of fallacies and contradic]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Dec 2000 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Trade, Growth and the Environment]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133545&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[For the last ten years environmentalists and the trade policy community have engaged in a heated debate over the environmental consequences of liberalized trade. The debate was originally fueled by negotiations over the North American Free Trade Agreement]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2003 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA["GATT-Think" With Asymmetric Countries]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133546&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The paper argues that, in the presence of asymmetric countries, a trade agreement that conforms to GATT's reciprocity rule allows the (stronger) less trade dependent country to improve its welfare relative to both the free trade and the trade war. Convers]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Mar 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Origins of the GATT: British Resistance to American Multilateralism]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133547&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Fiftieth-anniversary explanations for the efficacy of the GATT imply that the institution's longevity is testimony to the free trade principles upon which it is based. In this light, the predominantly American architects of the system figure as free trade]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2001 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[On the Economic Success of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133585&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[What features of the dispute settlement process help governments live up to their trade liberalization commitments? Exploiting data on GATT/WTO trade disputes initiated and completed between 1973 and 1998, this paper identifies economic and institutional ]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2003 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Transatlantic Trade Conflicts and GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=133586&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The paper surveys key dispute settlement reforms ushered in by the WTO, and elaborates how these likely influence US-EC disputes. This paper reports new data on all US-EC disputes at the WTO thus far, and offers a simple contrast with comparable GATT disp]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2002 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Bilateral Opportunism and the Rules of GATT/WTO]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=134537&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Trade negotiations occur through time and between the governments of many countries. An important issue is thus whether the value of concessions that a government wins in a current negotiation may be eroded in a future bilateral negotiation to which it is]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Nov 2001 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Transatlantic Trade Conflicts and GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=134538&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The paper is in four sections. The first section surveys key dispute settlement reforms ushered in by the WTO, and elaborates how these likely influence US-EC disputes. Section 2 reports new data on all US-EC disputes at the WTO thus far, and offers a sim]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2002 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Welfare Implications of Regionalism in the GATT: The Presence of Foreign Ownership]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=134539&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper examines the welfare implications of an existence of free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) in the GATT system, in the presence of cross-foreign ownership among countries. In particular, two GATT regimes are analyzed: a pure GATT]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Nov 2001 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[GATT and the New Protectionism]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=134540&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The successful completion of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has generated much optimism about the future of world trade, and with good reason. If ratified, the accord will not only eliminate tariffs on many goods, b]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Aug 2004 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Subsidy Agreements]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=134541&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper provides a first formal analysis of the international rules that govern the use of subsidies to domestic production (as distinct from export subsidies). The analysis highlights the impact of the new disciplines on subsidies that were added to G]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[TRIPs and the Global Pharmaceutical Market]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=157298&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper reviews the international controversy over patents and access to drugs in developing countries and explores the implications of the 1995 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, the 2001 Doha Declaration, and the]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jun 2004 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Implications for Health Policymakers]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=157299&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), created under the auspices of the World Trade Organization, aims to regulate measures affecting international trade in services, including health services such as health insurance, hospital services, tele]]></description>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jun 2004 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Developing Countries in GATT/WTO Negotiations]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167602&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The growing role of developing countries in the WTO negotiations since the Tokyo Round suggests that the most power-based or pessimistic views of the international regime, that it is entirely determined by the interests of the most powerful, and that the ]]></description>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Oct 2001 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Xayrawak - GATT Uruguay Round - Liberalization of Telecom Services]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167603&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper presents a case study of multilateral trade negotiations for trade liberalization of a service. This service as originally conceived, was in the basic telecom sector. In the course of negotiations, there was a broadening of the coverage to incl]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2002 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Developing Countries as Plaintiffs and Defendants in GATT/WTO Trade Disputes]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167605&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Developing countries have been increasing their participation in the formal institutions and proceedings of the multilateral trading system. A prominent example is their more frequent involvement as defendants and plaintiffs in GATT/WTO trade disputes. Th]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2003 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Economic Theory and the Interpretation of GATT/WTO]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167606&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Over the past 50 years, a remarkable degree of trade liberalization has been achieved through GATT/WTO negotiations. This paper describes work that provides a theoretical interpretation of this institution. The paper emphasizes two key features of GATT/WT]]></description>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Aug 2003 00:00:00 -0700</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[GATT and Its Effects on Shipping and Ports]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167607&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[The title of this paper is more ambitious than what its contents justify. The agreement signed in Marrakesh in April 1994 consists of twenty thousand pages that, at a rate of twenty pages per night, could make interesting bed time reading for many of them]]></description>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2005 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[Endogenous Protection, Trade Negotiations, and the GATT]]></title>
		<link><![CDATA[http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=167608&cname=free+trade]]></link>
		<description><![CDATA[Models of tariff formation commonly explain the average tariff as a function of domestic level macroeconomic and political variables. Absent from these models are the international-level processes and institutions that govern trade policy, particularly ne]]></description>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Feb 2001 00:00:00 -0800</pubDate>
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